Anti-hemostatic, antithrombotic, and chemical profiles of a curly-leaf variety of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), a food and medicinal aromatic herb.

Thrombosis is currently among the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the World. New prevention and therapy alternatives have been increasingly sought in medicinal plants. In this context, we have been investigating parsley, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym, an aromatic herb with two leaf varieties. We report here the in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo anti-hemostatic and antithrombotic activities of a parsley curly-leaf variety. Aqueous extracts of aerial parts (PCC-AP), stems (PCC-S), and leaves (PCC-L) showed significant in vitro antiplatelet activity. PCC-AP extract exhibited the highest activity (IC50 2.92 mg/mL) when using ADP and collagen as agonists. All extracts also presented in vitro anticoagulant activity (APTT and PT) and anti-thrombogenic activity. PCC-S was the most active, with more significant interference in the factors of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. The oral administration of PCC-AP extract in rats caused a greater inhibitory activity in the deep vein thrombi (50%; 65 mg/kg) than in arterial thrombi formation (50%; 200 mg/kg), without cumulative effect after consecutive five-day administration. PCC-AP extract was safe in the induced bleeding time test. Its anti-aggregating profile was similar in ex vivo and in vitro conditions but was more effective in the extrinsic pathway when compared to in vitro results. Apiin and coumaric acid derivatives are the main compounds in PCC-AP according to the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS profile. We demonstrated for the first time that extracts from different parts of curly parsley have significant antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic activity without inducing hemorrhage, proving its potential as a source of antithrombotic compounds.

A low-anticoagulant heparin suppresses metastatic dissemination through the inhibition of tumor cell-platelets association.

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite this relevance, there is no specific therapy targeting metastasis. The interaction of the tumor cell with platelets, forming microemboli is crucial for successful hematogenous dissemination. Heparin disrupts it by a P-selectin-mediated event. However, its clinical use for this purpose is hindered by the requirement of high doses, leading to anticoagulant-related side effects. In this study, we obtained a low-anticoagulant heparin through the fractionation of a pharmaceutical bovine heparin. This derivative was referred to as LA-hep and we investigated its efficacy in inhibiting metastases and explored its capacity of suppressing the interaction between tumor cells and platelets. Our data revealed that LA-hep is as efficient as porcine unfractionated heparin in attenuating lung metastases from melanoma and colon adenocarcinoma cells in an assay with a single intravenous administration. It also prevents platelet arrest shortly after cell injection in wild-type mice and suppresses melanoma-platelets interaction in vitro. Moreover, LA-hep blocks P-selectin's direct binding to tumor cells and platelet aggregation, providing further evidence for the role of P-selectin as a molecular target. Even in P-selectin-depleted mice which developed a reduced number of metastatic foci, both porcine heparin and LA-hep further inhibited metastasis burden. This suggests evidence of an additional mechanism of antimetastatic action. Therefore, our results indicate a dissociation between the heparin anticoagulant and antimetastatic effects. Considering the simple and highly reproducible methodology used to purify LA-hep along with the data presented here, LA-hep emerges as a promising drug for future use in preventing metastasis in cancer patients.

Ethical reporting of research on violence against women and children: a review of current practice and recommendations for future guidelines.

Changes in research practice during the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates renewed attention to ethical protocols and reporting for data collection on sensitive topics. This review summarises the state of ethical reporting among studies collecting violence data during early stages of the pandemic. We systematically searched for journal publications from the start of the pandemic to November 2021, identifying 75 studies that collected primary data on violence against women and/or violence against children. We developed and applied a 14-item checklist of best practices to assess the transparency of ethics reporting and adherence to relevant global guidelines on violence research. Studies reported adhering to best practices on 31% of scored items. Reporting was highest for ethical clearance (87%) and informed consent/assent (84/83%) and lowest for whether measures to promote interviewer safety and support (3%), for facilitating referrals for minors and soliciting participant feedback were in place (both 0%). Violence studies employing primary data collection during COVID-19 reported on few ethical standards, obscuring stakeholder ability to enforce a 'do no harm' approach and to assess the reliability of findings. We offer recommendations and guidelines to improve future reporting and implementation of ethics within violence studies.

The Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence and Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review on Associated Factors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) are public health issues of global concern. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a commonly occurring form of VAW and there is evidence to suggest that IPV and VAC frequently co-occur within the same families. This systematic literature review searched for studies published in any language between 1st January 2000 to 16th February 2021 and identified 33 studies that provided findings for co-occurring IPV and VAC in 24 low- and middle-income countries (PROSPERO: CRD42020180179). These studies were split into subgroups based on the types of co-occurring violence they present and meta-analyses were conducted to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) within these subgroups. Our results indicate a significant association between IPV and VAC, with all pooled ORs showing a significant positive association between the two. Almost half of the studies focused exclusively on co-occurrence between male-to-female IPV and female caregiver-to-child VAC; few authors reported on male caregiver-to-child violence. Only three studies identified risk factors for co-occurring IPV and VAC, and those that did suggested conflicting findings on the risks associated with maternal age, alcohol and drug use, and parental education level. We also found incongruity in the violence definitions and measurements used across studies. Future research should aim to develop more consistent definitions and measurements for co-occurrence and move beyond solely examining dyadic and unidirectional violence occurrence in families; this will allow us to better understand the interrelationships between these different forms of abuse.

Correlates of co-occurring physical child punishment and physical intimate partner violence in Colombia, Mexico and Peru.

BACKGROUND: Violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are global public health and human rights problems. To address calls for more evidence on intersections, this study aimed to expand knowledge about correlates of physical child punishment, physical IPV against women and their co-occurrence (both) in the same household.  METHODS: Using national, population-based survey datasets from Colombia, Mexico and Peru, multinomial logistic regressions examined correlates of three mutually exclusive patterns of violence in the household: physical child punishment (only), physical IPV ever (only) and co-occurrence (both), each compared with no violence, after adjusting for other factors. Logistic regression was used to analyse odds ratios of physical child punishment in households affected by IPV past year and before past year compared with never, after adjusting for other factors. RESULTS: In all countries, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of co-occurrence were significantly higher among women with lower education, more than one child, a child aged 2-5, a partner who tried to socially isolate her, and a history of childhood violence (caregiver violence and/or IPV exposure). They were significantly lower among women who reported collaborative partnerships (joint decision-making and/or shared chores). Co-occurrence was also significantly correlated with a history of child marriage/early motherhood in Colombia and Mexico, partner's excess drinking in Mexico and Peru, agreement that physical child punishment was necessary in Peru and partner's history of childhood violence in Colombia and Mexico. Evidence of shared risk factors was strongest for social isolation and caregiver histories of childhood violence and of shared protective factors for collaborative partnership dynamics. In all countries, associations between physical child punishment and physical IPV remained significant after adjusting for other factors, suggesting that correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with several theories relevant for violence prevention: 1) more collaborative, gender equitable partnerships may protect both children and women from violence; 2) violence between intimate partners may 'spill over' into violence against children (as correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone); and 3) there appears to be strong evidence of intergenerational transmission of violence.

Corrigendum a La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia

[RESUMEN]. Corrigendum a La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. La Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública llama la atención a los lectores sobre un error en el siguiente artículo, señalado por los autores: Bott S, Guedes A, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA. La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e34. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.34 En las páginas 6 y 7, cuadro 2, los encabezados “alguna vez” y “último año” se encontraban invertidos.

[ABSTRACT]. Corrigendum to Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates. The Pan American Journal of Public Health calls readers' attention to an error in the following article, pointed out by the authors: Bott S, Guedes A, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA. La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e34. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.34 On pages 6 and 7, Table 2, the headings "ever" and "last year" were reversed.

[RESUMO]. Corrigendum a Violência de parceiros íntimos nas Américas: uma revisão sistemática e uma reanálise das estimativas de prevalência nacional. O Pan American Journal of Public Health chama a atenção dos leitores para um erro no artigo seguinte, apontados pelos autores: Bott S, Guedes A, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA. La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. Rev Panama Salud Publica. 2021;45:e34. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.34 Nas páginas 6 e 7, tabela 2, os títulos "sempre" e "ano passado" foram invertidos.

Co-occurring violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic search and secondary analysis of national datasets.

INTRODUCTION: Intersections between violent discipline (physical punishment and/or verbal aggression) of children and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women have received growing international attention. This study aimed to determine how many Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries had national data on co-occurring IPV and violent discipline in the same household, how estimates compared and whether violent discipline was significantly associated with IPV. METHODS: A systematic search (following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines) was used to identify which LAC countries had eligible, national co-occurrence data. The most recent eligible dataset in each country was obtained and reanalysed for comparability. Standardised national estimates were produced for prevalence of violent discipline, physical and/or sexual IPV and co-occurrence among ever partnered women of reproductive age living with a child aged 1-14. Bivariate analyses and logistic regressions produced levels and odds ratios (ORs) of physical punishment and verbal aggression in households affected by IPV (past year and before past year) compared with never, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Nine countries had eligible datasets. Co-occurring physical punishment with past year IPV ranged from 1.7% (Nicaragua) to 17.5% (Bolivia); and with IPV ever from 6.0% (Nicaragua) to 21.2% (Haiti). In almost all countries, children in IPV affected households experienced significantly higher levels and ORs of physical punishment and verbal aggression, whether IPV occurred during or before the past year. Significant adjusted ORs of physical punishment ranged from 1.52 (95% CI 1.11 to 2.10) in Jamaica to 3.63 (95% CI 3.26 to 4.05) in Mexico for past year IPV; and from 1.50 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.83) in Nicaragua to 2.52 (95% CI 2.30 to 2.77) in Mexico for IPV before past year. CONCLUSIONS: IPV is a significant risk factor for violent discipline, but few national surveys in LAC measure both. Co-occurrence merits greater attention from policymakers and researchers.

Violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected children's risk of violence in their homes, communities and online, and has compromised the ability of child protection systems to promptly detect and respond to cases of violence. However, the need to strengthen violence prevention and response services has received insufficient attention in national and global pandemic response and mitigation strategies. In this paper, we summarize the growing body of evidence on the links between the pandemic and violence against children. Drawing on the World Health Organization's INSPIRE framework to end violence against children, we illustrate how the pandemic is affecting prevention and response efforts. For each of the seven INSPIRE strategies we identify how responses to the pandemic have changed children's risk of violence. We offer ideas for how governments, policy-makers, and international and civil society organizations can address violence in the context of a protracted COVID-19 crisis. We conclude by highlighting how the current pandemic offers opportunities to improve existing child protection systems to address violence against children. We suggest enhanced multisectoral coordination across the health, education, law enforcement, housing, child and social protection sectors. Actions need to prioritize the primary prevention of violence and promote the central role of children and adolescents in decision-making and programme design processes. Finally, we stress the continued need for better data and evidence to inform violence prevention and response strategies that can be effective during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

La pandémie de maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) a eu un impact sur le risque de violence à l'égard des enfants à domicile, au sein de leur communauté et en ligne. Elle a également empêché les systèmes de protection de l'enfance d'identifier rapidement les situations de ce type et d'y réagir dès que possible. Pourtant, la nécessité de renforcer les services de prévention et d'action en la matière n'a pas été suffisamment prise en compte dans les stratégies nationales et internationales d'intervention et d'atténuation des effets de la pandémie. Le présent document reprend l'accumulation de preuves confirmant les liens entre pandémie et violence à l'égard des enfants. En nous inspirant du cadre INSPIRE de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé visant à mettre fin à la violence à l'encontre des enfants, nous illustrons la façon dont la pandémie affecte les efforts de prévention et d'action. Pour chacune des sept stratégies INSPIRE, nous déterminons comment les mesures de lutte contre la pandémie ont influencé le risque de violence envers les enfants. Nous formulons des pistes pour que les gouvernements, les législateurs, les institutions internationales et les organisations de la société civile puissent remédier à cette violence dans un contexte de crise prolongée due à la COVID-19. En guise de conclusion, nous mettons en lumière les opportunités qu'offre la pandémie actuelle d'améliorer les systèmes existants de protection de l'enfance pour mieux combattre la violence envers les enfants. Nous suggérons d'accroître la collaboration entre les secteurs de la santé, de l'éducation, du maintien de l'ordre, du logement, des droits de l'enfant et de la protection sociale. Les actions entreprises doivent se focaliser sur la prévention primaire de la violence et promouvoir le rôle central des enfants et adolescents dans les processus de conception de programmes et de prise de décisions. Enfin, nous soulignons le besoin permanent de données et de preuves fiables pour orienter les stratégies de prévention et d'intervention face à la violence, afin de garantir leur efficacité pendant et après la pandémie de COVID-19.

La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) ha afectado al riesgo de violencia infantil que sufren los niños en sus hogares, comunidades y en línea, y ha puesto en peligro la capacidad de los sistemas de protección infantil para detectar y responder rápidamente a los casos de violencia. Sin embargo, la necesidad de reforzar los servicios de prevención y respuesta a la violencia no ha recibido suficiente atención en las estrategias nacionales y mundiales de respuesta y mitigación de la pandemia. En este documento, resumimos el creciente conjunto de pruebas sobre los vínculos entre la pandemia y la violencia infantil. Basándonos en el marco INSPIRE de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para poner fin a la violencia infantil, ilustramos cómo la pandemia está afectando a los esfuerzos de prevención y respuesta. Para cada una de las siete estrategias de INSPIRE, identificamos cómo las respuestas a la pandemia han cambiado el riesgo de violencia infantil. Ofrecemos ideas sobre cómo los gobiernos, los responsables políticos y las organizaciones internacionales y de la sociedad civil pueden abordar la violencia en el contexto de una crisis prolongada de COVID-19. Concluimos destacando cómo la pandemia actual ofrece oportunidades para mejorar los sistemas de protección infantil existentes para abordar este tipo de violencia. Sugerimos una mayor coordinación multisectorial en los sectores de la salud, la educación, la aplicación de la ley, la vivienda y la protección social infantil. Las acciones deben priorizar la prevención primaria de la violencia y promover el papel central de los niños y adolescentes en los procesos de toma de decisiones y en el diseño de programas. Por último, subrayamos la necesidad permanente de contar con mejores datos y pruebas para fundamentar las estrategias de prevención y respuesta a la violencia que puedan ser eficaces durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y seguir vigentes cuando ésta pase.

[Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimatesViolência por parceiro íntimo nas Américas: revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais de prevalência]. / La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. METHODS: This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998-2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (p <0.05). RESULTS: Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14%-17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. CONCLUSIONS: IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o que se sabe sobre a prevalência nacional da violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) contra a mulher na Região das Américas, nos diferentes países e ao longo do tempo, incluindo cobertura geográfica, qualidade e comparabilidade de dados nacionais. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais populacionais de VPI na Região das Américas no período de 1998 a 2017. As estimativas foram reanalisadas para fins de comparação ou obtidas de relatórios, incluindo a prevalência de VPI por tipo de violência (física; sexual; ou física e/ou sexual), ocorrência (alguma vez ou último ano) e agressor (qualquer parceiro na vida; parceiro atual ou mais recente). Nos países com mais de três ciclos de dados, os testes de Cochran-Armitage e qui-quadrado de Pearson foram usados para avaliar se as mudanças observadas ao longo do tempo foram significativas (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Pesquisas que cumpriam os requisitos do estudo foram identificadas em 24 países. O percentual de mulheres que informaram alguma vez terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual variou de 14% a 17% no Brasil, Panamá e Uruguai a mais da metade (58,5%) na Bolívia. A prevalência de VPI física e/ou sexual sofrida no último ano variou de 1,1% no Canadá a 27,1% na Bolívia. As evidências preliminares indicam uma possível redução na prevalência registrada de certos tipos de VPI em oito países. Porém, algumas mudanças foram pequenas, alguns indicadores não variaram significativamente e se observou um aumento significativo na prevalência informada de VPI física recente (último ano) na República Dominicana. CONCLUSÕES: A VPI contra a mulher continua sendo um problema de saúde pública e uma questão de direitos humanos na Região das Américas. Porém, a base de evidências tem importantes lacunas, ressaltando a necessidade de dados de alta de qualidade e comparáveis para a mobilização e o monitoramento da prevenção e resposta à violência.

La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia

[RESUMEN]. Este artículo ha sido corregido: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.15. Objetivo. Describir lo que se sabe acerca de la prevalencia nacional de la violencia por parte de la pareja íntima (VPI) contra las mujeres en las Américas, en los diversos países y en el transcurso del tiempo, incluida la cobertura geográfica, calidad y comparabilidad de los datos nacionales. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimativas nacionales de la VPI basadas en la población de 1998 a 2017 en las Américas. Las cifras se reanalizaron para comparabilidad o se extrajeron de los informes, incluida la prevalencia por tipo (física; sexual; o física y/o sexual), marco temporal (alguna vez; durante el último año) y perpetrador (cualquiera pareja en la vida; pareja actual/más reciente). En los países con tres (3+) rondas de datos, se aplicaron las pruebas de Cochran-Armitage y de ji cuadrada de Pearson para evaluar si los cambios en el transcurso del tiempo fueron significativos (p < 0,05). Resultados. Se encontraron encuestas elegibles en 24 países. Las mujeres reportaron haber sufrido alguna vez violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima con tasas que variaron desde el 14% a 17% en Brasil, Panamá y Uruguay hasta más de la mitad (58,5%) en Bolivia. La prevalencia de violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año varió desde 1,1% en el Canadá hasta 27,1% en Bolivia. La evidencia preliminar sugiere una posible disminución en la prevalencia reportada para ciertos tipos de VPI en ocho países; sin embargo, algunos cambios fueron pequeños, ciertos indicadores no se modificaron significativamente y se observaron incrementos significativos en la prevalencia reportada de violencia física por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año en la República Dominicana. Conclusiones. La VPI contra las mujeres sigue siendo un problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos en las Américas; sin embargo, la base de evidencia al respecto tiene deficiencias, lo que apunta a la necesidad de datos de mejor calidad y más comparables, a fin de movilizar y monitorear a la prevención y la respuesta ante la violencia.

[ABSTRACT]. This article has been corrected: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.15. Objectives. To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. Methods. This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998- 2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (p <0.05). Results. Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/ or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14%-17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high-quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo foi corrigido: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.15. Objetivo. Descrever o que se sabe sobre a prevalência nacional da violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) contra a mulher na Região das Américas, nos diferentes países e ao longo do tempo, incluindo cobertura geográfica, qualidade e comparabilidade de dados nacionais. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais populacionais de VPI na Região das Américas no período de 1998 a 2017. As estimativas foram reanalisadas para fins de comparação ou obtidas de relatórios, incluindo a prevalência de VPI por tipo de violência (física; sexual; ou física e/ ou sexual), ocorrência (alguma vez ou último ano) e agressor (qualquer parceiro na vida; parceiro atual ou mais recente). Nos países com mais de três ciclos de dados, os testes de Cochran-Armitage e qui-quadrado de Pearson foram usados para avaliar se as mudanças observadas ao longo do tempo foram significativas (p < 0,05). Resultados. Pesquisas que cumpriam os requisitos do estudo foram identificadas em 24 países. O percentual de mulheres que informaram alguma vez terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual variou de 14% a 17% no Brasil, Panamá e Uruguai a mais da metade (58,5%) na Bolívia. A prevalência de VPI física e/ou sexual sofrida no último ano variou de 1,1% no Canadá a 27,1% na Bolívia. As evidências preliminares indicam uma possível redução na prevalência registrada de certos tipos de VPI em oito países. Porém, algumas mudanças foram pequenas, alguns indicadores não variaram significativamente e se observou um aumento significativo na prevalência informada de VPI física recente (último ano) na República Dominicana. Conclusões. A VPI contra a mulher continua sendo um problema de saúde pública e uma questão de direitos humanos na Região das Américas. Porém, a base de evidências tem importantes lacunas, ressaltando a necessidade de dados de alta de qualidade e comparáveis para a mobilização e o monitoramento da prevenção e resposta à violência.

Modelling the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent discipline against children.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic could increase violence against children at home. However, collecting empirical data on violence is challenging due to ethical, safety, and data quality concerns. OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the anticipated effect of COVID-19 on violent discipline at home using multivariable predictive regression models. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 1-14 years and household members from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in Nigeria, Mongolia, and Suriname before the COVID-19 pandemic were included. METHODS: A conceptual model of how the COVID-19 pandemic could affect risk factors for violent discipline was developed. Country specific multivariable linear models were used to estimate the association between selected variables from MICS and a violent discipline score which captured the average combination of violent disciplinary methods used in the home. A review of the literature informed the development of quantitative assumptions about how COVID-19 would impact the selected variables under a "high restrictions" pandemic scenario, approximating conditions expected during a period of intense response measures, and a "lower restrictions" scenario with easing of COVID-19 restrictions but with sustained economic impacts. These assumptions were used to estimate changes in violent discipline scores. RESULTS: Under a "high restrictions" scenario there would be a 35%-46% increase in violent discipline scores in Nigeria, Mongolia and Suriname, and under a "lower restrictions" scenario there would be between a 4%-6% increase in violent discipline scores in these countries. CONCLUSION: Policy makers need to plan for increases in violent discipline during successive waves of lockdowns.

La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia / Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates / Violência por parceiro íntimo nas Américas: revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais de prevalência

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir lo que se sabe acerca de la prevalencia nacional de la violencia por parte de la pareja íntima (VPI) contra las mujeres en las Américas, en los diversos países y en el transcurso del tiempo, incluida la cobertura geográfica, calidad y comparabilidad de los datos nacionales. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimativas nacionales de la VPI basadas en la población de 1998 a 2017 en las Américas. Las cifras se reanalizaron para comparabilidad o se extrajeron de los informes, incluida la prevalencia por tipo (física; sexual; o física y/o sexual), marco temporal (alguna vez; durante el último año) y perpetrador (cualquiera pareja en la vida; pareja actual/más reciente). En los países con tres (3+) rondas de datos, se aplicaron las pruebas de Cochran-Armitage y de ji cuadrada de Pearson para evaluar si los cambios en el transcurso del tiempo fueron significativos (p < 0,05). Resultados. Se encontraron encuestas elegibles en 24 países. Las mujeres reportaron haber sufrido alguna vez violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima con tasas que variaron desde el 14% a 17% en Brasil, Panamá y Uruguay hasta más de la mitad (58,5%) en Bolivia. La prevalencia de violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año varió desde 1,1% en el Canadá hasta 27,1% en Bolivia. La evidencia preliminar sugiere una posible disminución en la prevalencia reportada para ciertos tipos de VPI en ocho países; sin embargo, algunos cambios fueron pequeños, ciertos indicadores no se modificaron significativamente y se observaron incrementos significativos en la prevalencia reportada de violencia física por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año en la República Dominicana. Conclusiones. La VPI contra las mujeres sigue siendo un problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos en las Américas; sin embargo, la base de evidencia al respecto tiene deficiencias, lo que apunta a la necesidad de datos de mejor calidad y más comparables, a fin de movilizar y monitorear a la prevención y la respuesta ante la violencia.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. Methods. This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998-2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (p <0.05). Results. Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14%-17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever o que se sabe sobre a prevalência nacional da violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) contra a mulher na Região das Américas, nos diferentes países e ao longo do tempo, incluindo cobertura geográfica, qualidade e comparabilidade de dados nacionais. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais populacionais de VPI na Região das Américas no período de 1998 a 2017. As estimativas foram reanalisadas para fins de comparação ou obtidas de relatórios, incluindo a prevalência de VPI por tipo de violência (física; sexual; ou física e/ou sexual), ocorrência (alguma vez ou último ano) e agressor (qualquer parceiro na vida; parceiro atual ou mais recente). Nos países com mais de três ciclos de dados, os testes de Cochran-Armitage e qui-quadrado de Pearson foram usados para avaliar se as mudanças observadas ao longo do tempo foram significativas (p < 0,05). Resultados. Pesquisas que cumpriam os requisitos do estudo foram identificadas em 24 países. O percentual de mulheres que informaram alguma vez terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual variou de 14% a 17% no Brasil, Panamá e Uruguai a mais da metade (58,5%) na Bolívia. A prevalência de VPI física e/ou sexual sofrida no último ano variou de 1,1% no Canadá a 27,1% na Bolívia. As evidências preliminares indicam uma possível redução na prevalência registrada de certos tipos de VPI em oito países. Porém, algumas mudanças foram pequenas, alguns indicadores não variaram significativamente e se observou um aumento significativo na prevalência informada de VPI física recente (último ano) na República Dominicana. Conclusões. A VPI contra a mulher continua sendo um problema de saúde pública e uma questão de direitos humanos na Região das Américas. Porém, a base de evidências tem importantes lacunas, ressaltando a necessidade de dados de alta de qualidade e comparáveis para a mobilização e o monitoramento da prevenção e resposta à violência.

Guava-fruit extract can improve the UV-protection efficiency of synthetic filters in sun cream formulations.

Increasing concerns about health safety, social impacts and fair trade have intensified the industrial interest for using natural products in commercial cosmetic formulations. Several studies are currently focusing on plant extracts, but tropical fruits, such as guava, remain yet unexplored and, consequently, underutilized. This research aims to evaluate the potential for using guava-fruit extract as a photoprotective additive agent for sun cream formulations. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids and tannins and the absence of coumarins. Although the Psidium guajava extract showed a low sun protection factor (SPF) value (1.0), it improved in about 134% the photoprotective result (8.1) of 7.5% 2-ethyl-hexyl methoxycinnamate formulation. Therefore, guava-fruit extract supplementation in the formulation shows the potential to reduce the use of synthetic photoprotectors in about 78.9% from the total synthetic organic filters used to achieve the SPF value of 18. Thus, sun cream supplemented with guava-fruit extract show the potential for minimizing the risk of synthetic agent toxicity, and a 65.8% reduction in the cost of the sunscreen production.

Violence against children in Latin America and the Caribbean: What do available data reveal about prevalence and perpetrators?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of recent physical, sexual, and emotional violence against children 0 - 19 years of age in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by age, sex, and perpetrator. METHODS: A systematic review and analysis of published literature and large international datasets was conducted. Eligible sources from first record to December 2015 contained age-, sex-, and perpetrator-specific data from LAC. Random effects meta-regressions were performed, adjusting for relevant quality covariates and differences in violence definitions. RESULTS: Seventy-two surveys (2 publications and 70 datasets) met inclusion criteria, representing 1 449 estimates from 34 countries. Prevalence of physical and emotional violence by caregivers ranged from 30% - 60%, and decreased with increasing age. Prevalence of physical violence by students (17% - 61%) declined with age, while emotional violence remained constant (60% - 92%). Prevalence of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) ranged from 13% - 18% for girls aged 15 - 19 years. Few or no eligible past-year estimates were available for any violence against children less than 9 years and boys 16 - 19 years of age; sexual violence against boys (any age) and girls (under 15 years); IPV except for girls aged 15 - 19 years; and violence by authority figures (e.g., teachers) or via gangs/organized crime. CONCLUSION: Past-year physical and emotional violence by caregivers and students is widespread in LAC across all ages in childhood, as is IPV against girls aged 15 - 19 years. Data collection must be expanded in LAC to monitor progress towards the sustainable development goals, develop effective prevention and response strategies, and shed light on violence relating to organized crime/gangs.

Violence against children in Latin America and the Caribbean: What do available data reveal about prevalence and perpetrators?

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe the prevalence of recent physical, sexual, and emotional violence against children 0 – 19 years of age in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by age, sex, and perpetrator. Methods. A systematic review and analysis of published literature and large international datasets was conducted. Eligible sources from first record to December 2015 contained age-, sex-, and perpetrator-specific data from LAC. Random effects meta-regressions were performed, adjusting for relevant quality covariates and differences in violence definitions. Results. Seventy-two surveys (2 publications and 70 datasets) met inclusion criteria, representing 1 449 estimates from 34 countries. Prevalence of physical and emotional violence by caregivers ranged from 30% – 60%, and decreased with increasing age. Prevalence of physical violence by students (17% – 61%) declined with age, while emotional violence remained constant (60% – 92%). Prevalence of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) ranged from 13% – 18% for girls aged 15 – 19 years. Few or no eligible past-year estimates were available for any violence against children less than 9 years and boys 16 – 19 years of age; sexual violence against boys (any age) and girls (under 15 years); IPV except for girls aged 15 – 19 years; and violence by authority figures (e.g., teachers) or via gangs/organized crime. Conclusion. Past-year physical and emotional violence by caregivers and students is widespread in LAC across all ages in childhood, as is IPV against girls aged 15 – 19 years. Data collection must be expanded in LAC to monitor progress towards the sustainable development goals, develop effective prevention and response strategies, and shed light on violence relating to organized crime/gangs.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de la violencia física, sexual y emocional infligida recientemente en niños y niñas de 0 a 19 años en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) según la edad, el sexo y el agresor. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión y un análisis sistemáticos de la bibliografía publicada en los grandes conjuntos de datos. Las fuentes desde los primeros registros hasta diciembre del 2015 que cumplían los criterios fueron las que contenían datos específicos de América Latina y el Caribe en función de la edad, el sexo y el agresor. Se realizaron metarregresiones de los efectos aleatorios, con ajustes pertinentes para las covariables de calidad y las diferencias en las definiciones de violencia. Resultados. Setenta y dos encuestas (2 publicaciones y 70 conjuntos de datos) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, que representaban 1.449 estimaciones de 34 países. La prevalencia de la violencia física y emocional infligida por cuidadores fue del 30% al 60% y disminuyó al aumentar la edad. La prevalencia de la violencia física infligida por estudiantes (17% a 61%) disminuyó con la edad, mientras que la violencia emocional se mantuvo constante (60% a 92%). La prevalencia de la violencia física infligida por la pareja fue de 13% a 18% para las niñas en edades de 15 a 19 años. Fueron pocas o inexistentes las estimaciones que cumplieran los criterios realizadas el año pasado sobre: la violencia de todo tipo contra los niños y las niñas menores de 9 años y los niños entre los 16 y 19 años; la violencia sexual contra los niños de cualquier edad y las niñas menores de 15 años; la violencia infligida por la pareja, salvo en niñas de 15 a 19 años; y la violencia infligida por figuras de autoridad (por ejemplo profesores) o por pandillas o el crimen organizado. Conclusión. La violencia emocional y física infligida por los cuidadores y estudiantes es generalizada en América Latina y el Caribe en todas las edades en la niñez, al igual que la violencia infligida por la pareja hacia niñas en edades entre los 15 y 19 años. Se debe ampliar la recopilación de datos en América Latina y el Caribe para dar seguimiento al progreso hacia los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, elaborar estrategias eficaces de prevención y respuesta, y arrojar luz sobre la violencia en relación con el crimen organizado y las pandillas.

[RESUMO]. anos de idade na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC), discriminada por idade, sexo e autor da agressão. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e análise da literatura publicada e de grandes conjuntos de dados internacionais. As fontes qualificadas do primeiro registro de dezembro de 2015 continham dados provenientes da ALC, discriminados por idade, sexo e autor da agressão. Foi usada a técnica de metarregressão de efeitos aleatórios, com ajuste para covariáveis de interesse de qualidade e para diferenças nas definições de violência. Resultados. Setenta e dois levantamentos (2 publicações e 70 conjuntos de dados) satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, representando 1.449 estimativas provenientes de 34 países. A prevalência da violência física e emocional por cuidadores variou de 30% a 60%, sendo que este percentual diminuiu com o aumento da idade. A prevalência da violência física escolar (17% a 61%) diminuiu com a idade e a prevalência da violência infantil emocional ficou constante (60% a 92%). A prevalência da violência física por parceiro íntimo variou de 13% a 18% nas adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos de idade. Foram encontradas poucas estimativas para o ano precedente, ou as estimativas existentes não satisfizeram os critérios, quanto à violência infantil em crianças menores de 9 anos e adolescentes do sexo masculino entre 16 e 19 anos de idade, à violência sexual contra meninos (em qualquer idade) e meninas (menores de 15 anos), à violência por parceiro íntimo, exceto em meninas entre 15 e 19 anos de idade e à violência infligida por figuras de autoridade (como professores) ou gangues/crime organizado. Conclusão. A violência física e emocional no ano precedente praticada por cuidadores e na escola é generalizada na ALC e ocorre em todas as faixas etárias na infância, assim como a violência por parceiro íntimo contra as adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos de idade. A coleta de dados deve ser ampliada na ALC para monitorar o progresso rumo ao alcance dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, criar estratégias efetivas de prevenção e resposta à violência e identificar a violência relativa ao crime organizado/quadrilhas.

Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates.

OBJECTIVES: To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. METHODS: This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998 - 2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14% - 17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. CONCLUSIONS: IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

[Disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion in Latin America: systematic review and meta-analysisDesrespeito e maus-tratos durante o parto e o aborto na América Latina: revisão sistemática e meta-análise]. / Irrespeto y maltrato durante el parto y el aborto en América Latina: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis.

OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes the evidence (quantitative, general, and by typological categories) of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion in health facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: Systematic searches identified 18 primary studies. Q and I2 were calculated, meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed, and subgroups were analyzed using a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model grouped by inverse variance and the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. RESULTS: Studies conducted in five Latin American countries were identified. No studies from the Caribbean were found. The aggregate prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion was 39%. The aggregated prevalence of the phenomenon in childbirth was 43% and 29% during abortion. The high heterogeneity made it impossible to generate aggregate measures according to typological categories. Nevertheless, the frequencies of specific forms of the phenomenon were grouped typologically. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion care are human-rights and public-health problems that are prevalent in some countries of the Region. It is necessary to reach international consensus on the definition and operationalization of this problem and to develop standardized methods for its measurement. Doing so is essential in order to achieve the targets of the 2030 Agenda related to reducing maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality and eliminating all forms of violence and discrimination against women.

OBJETIVO: Esta revisão sintetiza as evidências quantitativas, gerais e desagregadas por categorias tipológicas do desrespeito e maus-tratos na atenção institucional ao parto e ao aborto na América Latina e Caribe. MÉTODOS: Dezoito estudos primários foram identificados por meio de buscas sistemáticas. Foi feito o cálculo de Q e I2 e realizadas meta-análises, metarregressões e análises de subgrupos com um modelo de DerSimonian e Laird de efeitos aleatórios agrupados com variância inversa e transformação de Freeman-Tukey (duplo arco-seno). RESULTADOS: Foram identificados estudos realizados em cinco países da América Latina. Não foi identificado nenhum estudo no Caribe. Observou-se uma prevalência agregada de 39% de desrespeito e maus-tratos durante o parto e o aborto. A medida agregada para este fenômeno durante o parto foi 43% e a medida agregada nos casos de aborto foi 29%. Devido à alta heterogeneidade, não foi possível gerar medidas agregadas segundo categorias tipológicas. No entanto, são descritas as frequências de formas específicas do fenômeno agrupadas tipologicamente. CONCLUSÕES: As evidências indicam que o desrespeito e os maus-tratos na atenção ao parto e ao aborto são uma questão de direitos humanos e de saúde pública prevalente em alguns países da Região. É preciso chegar a um consenso internacional sobre a definição e a operacionalização deste problema e elaborar métodos padronizados para mensurá-lo. Isso é imprescindível para o alcance das metas da Agenda 2030 relativas à redução da morbidade e mortalidade materna e perinatal e à eliminação de todas as formas de violência e discriminação contra a mulher.